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透析 (Dialysis)
透析是利用半透膜將小分子和大分子分離的一種技術。在醫學中,透析被用來代替因為腎衰竭而喪失功能的腎,俗稱「洗腎」。透析可以被用來救助突然的暫時喪失其腎功能的病人(急性腎衰竭),也可以被用來救助永久性喪失腎功能的患者(慢性腎臟病)。 一般來講,透析有血液透析和腹膜透析兩種。在很多情況下,血液透析也可以用於對病人的搶救,如搖頭丸引起橫紋肌溶解症等。 因為血液透析和其他藥物的出現戰場上由於戰傷引起的急性腎衰竭的死亡率已由超過90%大幅下降。 對於腹膜完整且神智清醒能自我操作腹膜透析器材的病人,腹膜透將給予病人更大的自由。因為腹膜透析的不間斷性,在感染控制得當的情況下它的併發症較少。 大多數情況下,透析病人的生活質量比其他內科慢性病低。血透機直接接觸循環系統常引起低血壓、發熱、骨質疏鬆和微量元素失調。另外,透析通道的衛生學處理也需要關注。 |
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Dialysis
In medicine, dialysis is a process for removing waste and excess water from the blood, and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with renal failure. Dialysis may be used for those with an acute disturbance in kidney function (acute kidney injury, previously acute renal failure), or progressive but chronically worsening kidney function–a state known as chronic kidney disease stage 5 (previously chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease). The latter form may develop over months or years, but in contrast to acute kidney injury is not usually reversible, and dialysis is regarded as a "holding measure" until a renal transplant can be performed, or sometimes as the only supportive measure in those for whom a transplant would be inappropriate. The kidneys have important roles in maintaining health. When healthy, the kidneys maintain the body's internal equilibrium of water and minerals (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfate). The acidic metabolism end-products that the body cannot get rid of via respiration are also excreted through the kidneys. The kidneys also function as a part of the endocrine system, producing erythropoietin and calcitriol. Erythropoietin is involved in the production of red blood cells and calcitriol plays a role in bone formation. Dialysis is an imperfect treatment to replace kidney function because it does not correct the compromised endocrine functions of the kidney. Dialysis treatments replace some of these functions through diffusion (waste removal) and ultrafiltration (fluid removal). |