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帕金森病(Parkinson's Disease, PD)
帕金森病西醫治療方法 罕見病發展中心 2014年03月20日 1. PD早期治療 PD早期黑質-紋狀體系統存留的DA神經元可代償地增加DA合成,推薦采用理療(按摩、水療)和體育療法(關節活動、步行、平衡及語言鍛煉、面部表情肌操練)等,爭取患者家屬配合,鼓勵患者多主動運動,盡量推遲藥物治療時間。若疾病影響患者日常生活和工作,需藥物治療。 2. 藥物治療 PD目前仍以藥物治療為主,恢複紋狀體DA與Ach遞質系統平衡,應用抗膽堿能和改善DA遞質功能藥物,改善癥狀,不能阻止病情發展。 用藥原則: ①從小劑量開始,緩慢遞增,盡量用較小劑量取得滿意療效; ②治療方案個體化,根據患者年齡、癥狀類型和程度、就業情況、藥物價格和經濟承受能力等選擇藥物; ③不應盲目加用藥物,不宜突然停藥,需終生服用; ④PD藥物治療複雜,近年來推出的輔助藥物DR激動藥、MAO-B抑制劑、兒茶酚-氧位-甲基轉移酶(COMT)等,與複方多巴合用可增強療效、減輕癥狀波動、降低複方多巴劑量,單獨使用療效不理想,應權衡利弊,適當選擇聯合用藥。 (1)抗膽堿能藥:對震顫和強直有效,對運動遲緩療效較差,適於震顫明顯年齡較輕患者。常用安坦(artane)1~2mg口服,3次/d;開馬君(kemadrin)2.5mg口服,3次/d,逐漸增至20~30mg/d。其他如苯甲托品(cogentin)、環戊丙醇(cycrimine)、安克痙(akineton)等,作用與安坦相似。副作用包括口幹、視物模糊、便秘和排尿困難,嚴重者有幻覺、妄想。青光眼及前列腺肥大患者禁用,可影響記憶功能,老年患者慎用。 (2)金剛烷胺(amantadine):促進DA在神經末梢釋放,阻止再攝取,並有抗膽堿能作用,是谷氨酸拮抗藥,可能有神經保護作用,可輕度改善少動、強直和震顫等,早期可單獨或與安坦合用。起始劑量50mg,2~3次/d,1周後增至100mg,2~3次/d,一般不超過300mg/d,老年人不超過200mg/d。藥效可維持數月至1年。副作用較少,如不安、意識模糊、下肢網狀青斑、踝部水腫和心律失常等,腎功能不全、癲癇、嚴重胃潰瘍和肝病患者慎用,哺乳期婦女禁用。也可用其衍生物鹽酸美金剛烷(memantine hydrochloride)。 (3)左旋多巴(L-dopa)及複方左旋多巴:L-dopa是治療PD有效藥物或金指標。作為DA前體可透過血腦屏障,被腦DA能神經元攝取後脫羧變為DA,改善癥狀,對運動減少有特殊療效。由於95%以上的L-dopa在外周脫羧成為DA,僅約1%通過BBB進入腦內,為減少外周副作用,增強療效,多用L-dopa與外周多巴脫羧酶抑制劑(DCI)按4∶1制成的複方制劑(複方L-dopa),用量較L-dopa減少3/4。 複方L-dopa劑型:包括標準片、控釋片、水溶片等。標準片如美多巴(madopar)和帕金寧(sinemet):①Madopar由L-dopa與芐絲肼按4∶1組成,美多巴250為L-dopa 200mg+芐絲肼50mg,美多巴125為L-dopa100mg+芐絲肼25mg;國產多巴絲肼膠囊成分與美多巴相同;②帕金寧(Sinemet 250和Sinemet 125)由L-dopa與卡別多巴按4∶1組成。 控釋劑包括兩種: ①息寧控釋片(sinemet CR):L-dopa 200mg+卡別多巴50mg,制劑中加用單層分子基質結構,藥物不斷溶釋,達到緩釋效果,口服後120~150min達到血漿峰值濃度;片中間有刻痕,可分為半片服用,保持緩釋特性; ②美多巴液體動力平衡系統(Madopar-HBS):L-dopa 100mg+芐絲肼25mg及特殊賦形劑組成,膠囊溶解時藥物基質表面形成水化層,通過彌散作用逐漸釋放。 水溶片有彌散型美多巴(madopar dispersible),劑量為125mg,由L-dopa 100mg+芐絲肼25mg組成。其特點易在水中溶解,便於口服,吸收迅速,很快達到治療閾值濃度,使處於“關閉”狀態的PD患者在短時間內(10min左右)迅速改善癥狀,且作用維持時間與標準片基本相同。該劑型適用於有吞咽障礙或置鼻飼管、清晨運動不能、“開”期延遲、下午“關”期延長、劑末肌張力障礙的PD患者。 用藥時機:何時開始複方L-dopa治療尚有爭議,長期用藥會產生療效減退、癥狀波動及運動障礙等並發癥。一般應根據患者年齡、工作性質、疾病類型等決定用藥。年輕患者可適當推遲使用,早期盡量用其他抗PD藥,患者因職業要求不得不用L-dopa時應與其他藥物合用,減少複方L-dopa劑量。年老患者可早期選用L-dopa,因發生運動併發癥機會相對較少,對合並用藥耐受性差。 用藥方法:從小劑量開始,根據病情逐漸增量,用最低有效量維持。 ①標準片:複方L-dopa開始用62.5mg(1/4片),2~3次/d,根據需要逐漸增至125mg,3~4次/d;最大劑量不超過250mg,3~4次/d;空腹(餐前1h或餐後2h)用藥療效好; ②控釋片:優點是減少服藥次數,有效血藥濃度穩定,作用時間長,可控制癥狀波動;缺點是生物利用度較低,起效緩慢,標準片轉換成為控釋片時每天劑量應相應增加並提前服用;適於伴癥狀波動或早期輕癥患者; ③水溶片:易在水中溶解,吸收迅速,10min起效,作用維持時間與標準片相同,適於吞咽障礙、清晨運動不能、“開關”現象和劑末肌張力障礙患者。 副作用:周圍性副作用常見惡心、嘔吐、低血壓和心律失常(偶見)等,用藥後可逐漸適應,餐後服藥、加用嗎叮啉可減輕消化道癥狀。中樞性副作用包括癥狀波動、運動障礙和精神癥狀等,癥狀波動和運動障礙是常見的遠期並發癥,多在用藥4~5年後出現。閉角型青光眼、精神病患者禁用。 (4)DA受體激動藥:DA包括五種類型受體,D1R和D2R亞型與PD治療關系密切。DR激動藥共同作用特點是:①直接刺激紋狀體突觸後DR,不依賴於DDC將L-dopa轉化為DA發揮效應;②血漿半衰期(較複方多巴)長;③可能對黑質DA能神經元有保護作用。早期DR激動藥與複方多巴合用,不僅能提高療效,減少複方多巴用量,且可減少或避免癥狀波動或運動障礙發生。 適應證:PD後期患者用複方多巴治療產生癥狀波動或運動障礙,加用DR激動藥可減輕或消除癥狀,減少複方多巴用量。疾病後期因黑質紋狀體DA能系統缺乏DDC,不能把外源性L-dopa脫羧轉化為DA,用複方多巴完全無效,用DR激動藥可能有效。單用DA受體激動藥療效不佳,一般主張與複方L-dopa合用,發病年齡輕的早期患者可單獨應用。應從小劑量開始,漸增量至獲得滿意療效而不出現副作用。副作用與複方L-dopa相似,癥狀波動和運動障礙發生率低,體位性低血壓和精神癥狀發生率較高。 常用制劑:主要是溴隱亭、培高利特。 ①溴隱亭(bromocriptine):激活D2受體,開始0.625mg/d,每隔3~5天增加0.625mg,通常治療劑量7.5~15mg/d,分3次服;副作用與左旋多巴類似,錯覺和幻覺常見,精神病史患者禁用,相對禁忌證包括近期心肌梗死、嚴重周圍血管病和活動性消化性潰瘍等; ②培高利特(pergolide):激活D1和D2兩類受體,開始0.025mg/d,每隔5天增加0.025mg,一般有效劑量0.375~1.5mg/d,最大不超過2.0mg/d,1~3h達血漿峰值濃度,半衰期較長(平均30h),較溴隱亭抗PD作用稍強,作用時間亦長,溴隱亭治療無效時改用培高利特可能有效; ③泰舒達緩釋片(trastal SR):化學成分為吡貝地爾,是選擇性D2/D3多巴胺受體激動藥,劑量為150~250mg/d,對中腦-皮質和邊緣葉通路D3R有激動效應,改善震顫作用明顯,對強直和少動也有作用; ④麥角乙脲(lisuride):具有較強選擇性D2R激動作用,對D1R作用很弱,從小劑量開始,0.05~0.1mg/d,逐漸增量,平均有效劑量為2.4~4.8mg/d;按作用-劑量比,作用較溴隱亭強10~20倍,半衰期短(平均2.2h),作用時間短,為水溶性,可靜脈或皮下輸註泵應用,用於複方多巴治療出現明顯“開-關”現象; ⑤阿樸嗎啡(apomorphine):D1和D2R激動藥,可顯著減少“關期”狀態,對癥狀波動,尤其“開-關”現象和肌張力障礙有明顯療效,采取筆式註射法給藥後5~15min起效,有效作用時間60min,每次給藥0.5~2mg,每天可用多次,便攜式微泵皮下持續灌註法可使患者每天保持良好運動功能;也可經鼻腔給藥,但長期用藥可刺激鼻黏膜; ⑥卡麥角林(cabaser):是所有DR激動藥中半衰期最長(70h),作用時間最長,適於PD後期長期應用複方多巴產生癥狀波動和運動障礙患者,有效劑量2~10mg/d,平均4mg/d,只需1次/d,較方便; ⑦普拉克索(Pramipexole,0.125mg,3次/d,逐漸加量至0.5~1.0mg,3次/d)和羅吡尼洛(Ropinirole,0.25mg,3次/d,逐漸加量至2~4mg,3次/d),均非麥角衍生物,無麥角副作用,用於早期或進展期PD,癥狀波動和運動障礙發生率低,常見意識模糊、幻覺及直立性低血壓。 (5)單胺氧化酶B(MAO-B)抑制劑:抑制神經元內DA分解,增加腦內DA含量。合用複方L-dopa有協同作用,減少L-dopa約1/4用量,延緩開關現象,有神經保護作用。常用思吉寧(selegiline)即丙炔苯丙胺(deprenyl)2.5~5mg,2次/d,宜早、午服用,傍晚服用可引起失眠。副作用有口幹、胃納少和體位性低血壓等,胃潰瘍患者慎用。Lazabemide(Ro19-6327)亦系MAO-B抑制劑,目前臨床應用報道不多。 有學者主張此類藥與維生素E合用,稱DATA-TOP方案(deprenyl and tocopherol antioxidation therapy of Parkinsonism),作為神經保護劑用於早期輕癥患者,可能延緩疾病進展。維生素E是天然自由基清除劑,有抗氧化作用,PD早期尤其未經治療患者用維生素E與丙炔苯丙胺可能減緩黑質細胞變性、延緩疾病進展。近年國外有人提倡丙炔苯丙胺2.5mg口服,1次/d,漸加至2.5mg,2次/d,再加至5mg,2次/d;同時服用維生素E 2000U,1次/d。但目前對此方案仍有爭議,須繼續觀察評價。 (6)兒茶酚-氧位-甲基轉移酶(COMT)抑制劑:抑制L-dopa外周代謝,維持L-dopa穩定血漿濃度,加速通過BBB,阻止腦膠質細胞內DA降解,增加腦內DA含量。與美多巴或息寧合用增強後者療效,減少癥狀波動反應,單獨使用無效。副作用可有腹瀉、頭痛、多汗、口幹、轉氨酶升高、腹痛、尿色變淺等,用藥期間須監測肝功能。 常用制劑: ①托可朋(tolcapone):亦名答是美(tasmar),100~200mg口服,3次/d,副作用有腹瀉、意識模糊、運動障礙和轉氨酶升高等,應註意肝臟毒副作用;具有周圍和中樞COMT抑制作用,臨床試驗顯示,應用複方多巴療效減退的69例PD加用托可朋100~150mg,3次/d,療程6個月,有效率98.5%,無明顯毒副作用,可與複方多巴和MAO-B抑制劑合用; ②恩他卡朋(entacapone):亦名珂丹(comtan),是周圍COMT抑制劑,100~200mg口服,5次/d為宜,與托可朋不同的是迄今無嚴重肝功能損害報道。 (7)興奮性氨基酸(EAA)受體拮抗藥及釋放抑制劑:EAA可損害黑質細胞,抑制劑有神經保護作用,可增強L-dopa作用。但目前尚無臨床有效治療的報道。 (8)鐵螯合劑:PD患者黑質Fe2 濃度明顯增加,鐵蛋白含量顯著減少。給予鐵螯合劑可降低Fe2 濃度,減少氧化反應。目前常用21-氨基類固醇(21-aminosteroide),可通過血腦屏障與Fe2 結合,抑制脂質過氧化,對黑質細胞有保護效應。 (9)神經營養因子(neurotrophic factors):對神經元發育、分化及存活起重要作用,選擇性作用於DA能神經元的神經營養因子有助於PD防治。神經營養因子包括酸性及堿性成纖維細胞生長因子(aFGF、bFGF)、上皮生長因子(EGF)、睫狀神經營養因子(CNTF)、腦源性神經營養因子(BDNF)、膠質細胞源性神經營養因子(GDNF)及Neurturin等。GDNF和Neurturin對中腦DA能神經元特異性強。 (10)中藥或針灸對PD治療有一定的輔佐作用,需與西藥合用,單用療效不理想。 3.外科治療 立體定向手術治療PD始於20世紀40年代,近年來隨著微電極引導定向技術的發展,利用微電極記錄和分析細胞放電特征,可精確定位引起震顫和肌強直的神經元,達到細胞功能定位,可顯著提高手術療效和安全性。手術可糾正基底節過高的抑制性輸出,適應證為藥物治療失效、不能耐受或出現運動障礙(異動癥)的患者,年齡較輕,癥狀以震顫、強直為主且偏於一側者效果較好,術後仍需用藥物治療。 (1)蒼白球毀損術(pallidotomy):近年來隨著微電極引導定向技術的發展,使定位精確度達到0.1mm,進入到細胞水平,達到準確功能定位,確定電極與蒼白球各結構及相鄰視束和內囊的關系,有助於尋找引起震顫和肌張力增高的神經元。用此法確定靶點,手術效果較好,改善PD運動癥狀,尤其運動遲緩,很少產生視覺受損等並發癥。 (2)丘腦毀損術:是用立體定向手術破壞一側丘腦腹外側核、豆狀襻及丘腦底核,對PD的震顫療效較好,最佳適應證是單側嚴重震顫。單側丘腦毀損術並發癥較少,雙側毀損術可引起言語障礙、吞咽困難及精神障礙等並發癥,不主張采用。 (3)深部腦刺激療法(deep brain stimulation,DBS):是將高頻微電極刺激裝置植入PD患者手術靶點,高頻電刺激產生的電壓和頻率高於病變神經元產生的電壓和頻率,從而起到抑制作用。DBS優點是定位準確、損傷範圍小、並發癥少、安全性高和療效持久等,缺點是費用昂貴。美國FDA已批準臨床應用DBS治療PD。 (4)立體定向放射治療(γ-刀,X-刀):利用立體定向原理,用計算機精確計算靶點,一次大劑量窄束高能射線精確地聚焦破壞靶點,靶點外正常組織受劑量極小。射線包括60鈷(60CO)產生的γ-射線(γ-刀)及直線加速器產生的X射線(X-刀)。適應證與立體定向毀損術相同,但療效不如後者,副作用較多,目前不推薦使用。 4.細胞移植及基因治療 細胞移植是將自體腎上腺髓質或異體胚胎中腦黑質細胞移植到患者紋狀體,糾正DA遞質缺乏,改善PD運動癥狀。酪氨酸羥化酶(TH)和神經營養因子基因治療正在探索中,是有前景的新療法。將外源TH基因通過exvivo或invivo途徑導入動物或患者腦內,導入的基因經轉錄、翻譯合成TH,促使形成DA。目前存在供體來源困難、遠期療效不肯定及免疫排斥等問題。 5.康復治療 對患者進行語言、進食、行走及各種日常生活訓練和指導,對改善生活質量十分重要。晚期臥床者應加強護理,減少並發癥發生。康複包括語音語調訓練,面肌鍛煉,手部、四肢及軀幹鍛練,鬆弛呼吸肌鍛煉,步態及平衡鍛練,姿勢恢複鍛練等。 預後: PD 是慢性進展性疾病,目前無根治方法,多數患者發病數年仍能繼續工作,也可迅速發展致殘。疾病晚期可因嚴重肌強直和全身僵硬,終至臥床不起。死因常為肺炎、骨折等併發癥。 |
巴金森氏症治療
1. Anticholinergics: 用來減少 cholinergic pathways的通透性。 2. Amantadine(Symmetrel): 增加腦中dopamine的釋放。 3. Levodopa: 是一dopamine的先質﹐可通過血-腦障壁到腦內來改善此疾﹐使症狀顯著的改善。另有一種合併藥品: levodopa-carbidopa(Sinemet)﹐其carbidopa是decarboxylase的抑制劑﹐它可以抑制L-dopa在血液中的解體﹐使有更多的levodopa被腦部使用﹔使用時需注意勿將維他命B6﹑酒精或高蛋白食物與藥物一起服用﹐否則會阻斷levodopa的藥效。 4. Bromocriptine(Parlodel): 可活化腦中dopamine接受器。 5. 使用monoamine oxidase inhibitor﹐deprenyl(Eldepryl) 來延後個案的失能且暫時取代levodopa的治療。 6. 對於有on-off response症狀的個案可利用縮短服藥間隔時間及逐漸增加藥物劑量﹐可暫時改善此情形。 7. 巴金森氏症不常採用手術治療方式﹐但丘腦切除術(thalamotomy)可改善頑固的震顫情形。自體移殖腎上腺髓質組織(autologous transplantation of adrenal medullary tissue)至大腦的方式﹐是期望這些細胞能製造 dopamine﹐但其結果往往是令人失望的。胎兒組織移殖(fetal tissue transplantation)之方式在美國頗受爭議﹐主要因為倫理問題﹐目前仍有一些私人資金贊助醫學中心進行此方面的研究。 高齡患者注意事項 老年個案可能對抗巴金森氏症藥物的耐受性較低﹐故應以較少的劑量治療。應隨時注意且報告精神症狀反應﹐如: 焦慮﹑混亂﹑姿勢性低血壓﹑脈搏不規則﹑blepharospasm(twitching of the eyelid)﹑及早期的毒性反應。 護理措施 A. 改善運動 1. 鼓勵個案每日運動﹐如: 散步﹑騎室內腳踏車﹑游泳﹑或作園藝工 作。 2. 建議個案做由物理治療師設計的伸展及姿勢性的運動。 3. 鼓勵個案洗熱水澡並接受按摩以放鬆肌肉。 4. 教導個案經常休息以避免疲憊及挫折感。 5. 教導姿勢性的運動及走路的技巧以克服步態不穩及向前傾的姿 勢。 a. 教導個案走路時兩腳分開以增加其穩定度。 b. 讓個案走路時記得擺動雙手﹐走路時提腳並跨大步。 c. 教導個案根據音樂或節拍器練習走路以提供加強感覺刺激。 居家小常識 建議在家中使用各種的輔助器具以促進運動及確定安全﹐如: 在浴室或洗 手間加裝安全把手﹑提高馬桶高度﹑並在樓梯走道加裝雙軌把手﹐在床尾 綁上一條繩索以幫助個案坐起﹐並準備可伸直背部的有扶手木椅。 B. 補充營養 1. 教導個案思考吞嚥時使用唇齒的順序﹔食物在舌頭上時提高舌﹐然 後將舌向後移﹐並在頭向前傾時吞嚥。 2. 教導個案使用兩側嘴巴細嚼慢嚥。 3. 告訴個案儘量經由頭部後傾將唾液聚積﹐並間歇性地吞下口水。 4. 讓個案使用安全且穩固的碗盤及進食器具。 5. 建議少量多餐並安排點心。 6. 定期測量體重。 C. 促進溝通能力 1. 鼓勵遵從醫囑。 2. 建議轉介語言治療家。 3. 教導個案臉部運動及呼吸的方法以達成妥當的發音﹑音量﹑及音調。 a. 說話前先深呼吸以增加音量及每次呼吸間說話的字數。 b. 咬字儘量清晰且句子簡短﹔在鏡子前大聲練習並以錄音監測進 步情形。 c. 經由微笑﹑吹氣﹑裂齒﹑及翹嘴來做臉部肌肉運動。 4. 應以尊重之態度對待個案﹐如同平常一般與個案說話﹐而非不理不 睬。 D. 預防便祕 1. 鼓勵進食適量的纖維﹐如: 全麥﹑水果﹑及蔬菜。 2. 增加水份攝取量﹐維持每天2,000ml之水份攝取。 3. 使用增高的馬桶以維持正常的姿勢。 4. 鼓勵個案養成固定排便習慣﹐通常在早餐或晚餐後的半小時。 5. 必要時可使用軟便劑或瀉藥。 E. 加強調適能力 1. 幫助個案設立具體可行的目標及方法並達成目標。 2. 提供情緒支持及鼓勵。 3. 鼓勵使用各種資源﹐如: 治療專家﹑第一線治療提供者﹑社會服務員﹑及社會支持。 4. 鼓勵開放的溝通﹐討論感覺並交換巴金森氏症的資訊。 5. 鼓勵個案積極參與活動計劃並對治療計劃加以評值。 十. 病人教育及健康維護 1. 教導個案避免使用鎮定劑﹐除非醫師特別處方﹐因與其他藥物合用會 有加成效應且會抑制維他命B的儲備﹐且具有維他命添加的食品的使用會影響藥物治療效果。 2. 教導藥物服用方法及其副作用﹐如: 姿勢性低血壓﹑口乾﹑肌無力﹑肌 肉震顫﹑尿儲留﹑葡萄糖耐受障礙﹑貧血﹑及肝功能指數增加。 3. 藥物使用期間﹐鼓勵追蹤並偵測糖尿病﹑青光眼﹑肝毒﹑貧血。 4. 教導個案活動以避免固定一個姿勢並教導避免跌倒的方法: a. 換腳時需保持膝蓋稍微彎曲﹐並抬頭﹑抬起腳趾。 b. 突發動作時需抬起手臂預防跌倒。 c. 前進前先退後一小步。 d. 先側踏一小步再向前。 e. 滑動的地毯必須移除。 f. 柺杖或助行器則能提供行動時額外的穩定性。 5. 教導家屬當個案靜止不動時勿推個案﹐否則會造成問題及可能導致跌 倒。個案在穿衣﹑沐浴與用餐時都需給予額外的時間﹔可將餐盤加溫使 食物保持溫熱﹐並於進食時安排休息時間﹐以預防吸入性肺炎的情形。 6. 具嚴重震顫情形之個案宜避免拿熱燙的液體。 7. 個案及其家屬會需要情緒方面的支持﹐可轉介個案及其家屬相關服務性機構。 評值 A. 參加物理治療課程﹐每天做兩次十分鐘的臉部運動。 B. 每日三小餐及兩次點心時間﹐體重不下降維持正常體重。 C. 發音清晰﹐每次呼吸間可說4-5個字。 D. 每天可排軟便。 E. 能問有關巴金森氏症的相關問題﹐可得到家屬的幫助。 |
Parkinson's Disease Health Center
Dopamine Agonists for Parkinson's Disease Generic Name / Brand Name (Examples) ====================== apomorphine / Apokyn pramipexole / Mirapex ropinirole / Requip rotigotine / Neupro ======================= How It Works Dopamine agonists directly stimulate the receptors in nerves in the brain that normally would be stimulated by dopamine. Unlike levodopa, a dopamine agonist is not changed (converted) into dopamine when it enters the body, but it behaves like dopamine. Why It Is Used Dopamine agonists may be used in the early stages of Parkinson's disease to reduce symptoms. This approach is often effective in people who have been newly diagnosed with the disease (especially those younger than 60), because it can delay the need for levodopa and thus postpone the motor fluctuations that may occur with long-term levodopa therapy. A dopamine agonist may be added to treatment with levodopa in the later stages of Parkinson's disease when: ● Levodopa no longer is able to adequately control symptoms on its own, and increasing the dose to provide adequate control of symptoms would cause excessive side effects. ● The person who is taking levodopa is experiencing severe motor fluctuations. Apomorphine is an injectable, rapid-acting dopamine agonist. It is injected into the skin during occasional episodes of immobility when muscles become "stuck" or "frozen," and you are unable to rise from a chair or perform daily activities. Treatment with apomorphine is referred to as "rescue" therapy, because it is used during periods when levodopa or other dopamine agonists are not effective or have worn off. How Well It Works When used alone in early Parkinson's disease, dopamine agonists may reduce symptoms of the disease, especially those that affect motor function, such as stiffness and slowness. Although they are not as effective as levodopa in controlling symptoms, they have the benefit of postponing the need for levodopa therapy. This in turn may help delay the onset of levodopa-related motor fluctuations. When taken in combination with levodopa, dopamine agonists may:1 ● Reduce the amount of levodopa needed to control symptoms, thereby reducing some side effects of levodopa. ● Improve motor function during both "on" and "off" periods. ● Reduce involuntary movements (dyskinesias) associated with long-term levodopa therapy, if the dose of levodopa can be reduced. But if you have been taking levodopa for a long time (many years), dopamine agonists may also cause abnormal muscle movements. ● Prolong the effect of levodopa and reduce motor fluctuations that occur as a result of the wearing-off effect of levodopa, when the effects of a dose do not last as long as they did before. Because apomorphine is rapid-acting, it is usually effective within 10 minutes from the time of injection. It works for approximately 60 to 90 minutes. Side Effects All medicines have side effects. But many people don't feel the side effects, or they are able to deal with them. Ask your pharmacist about the side effects of each medicine you take. Side effects are also listed in the information that comes with your medicine. Here are some important things to think about: ● Usually the benefits of the medicine are more important than any minor side effects. ● Side effects may go away after you take the medicine for a while. ● If side effects still bother you and you wonder if you should keep taking the medicine, call your doctor. He or she may be able to lower your dose or change your medicine. Do not suddenly quit taking your medicine unless your doctor tells you to. Call 911 or other emergency services right away if you have: ● Trouble breathing. ● Swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Apomorphine Call your doctor right away if you have: ● Hives. ● Chest pain, discomfort, or pressure. ● Chills or cold sweats. ● Confusion, hallucinations, or mood or mental changes. ● Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting. ● Uncontrollable movements, such as twitching or repetitive movements of the tongue, lips, face, arms, or legs. Common side effects of this medicine include: ●Skin problems where you inject the medicine, such as bleeding, blistering, rash, redness, swelling, or scarring. ● Blurred vision. ● Drowsiness, sleepiness, and yawning. ● Runny nose. Other dopamine agonists Call your doctor right away if you have: ● Hives. ● Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting. ● Confusion or hallucinations. ● Nausea. ● Sudden attacks of sleepiness where you fall asleep without warning, even in the middle of the day. ● Uncontrollable movements, such as twitching or repetitive movements of the tongue, lips, face, arms, or legs. ● Unusual tiredness or weakness. Common side effects of this medicine include: ● Constipation. ● Dry mouth. ● Headache. ● Heartburn or indigestion. See Drug Reference for a full list of side effects. What To Think About The decision about whether it is better to use levodopa or a dopamine agonist as the first treatment in Parkinson's disease is different for each person. Levodopa controls symptoms better than dopamine agonists in most people. And levodopa has fewer side effects than dopamine agonists. But concern about levodopa-related motor fluctuations is leading some doctors to use dopamine agonists as initial therapy in people with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease in order to delay treatment with levodopa. The American Academy of Neurology now recommends this approach for most people who have the disease. In theory, the purpose behind delaying treatment with levodopa, especially in younger people with Parkinson's, is to delay the motor fluctuations that eventually occur with levodopa therapy. But in the long term, the same amount of people have motor fluctuations no matter what medicine is used first. If a dopamine agonist is used as initial therapy, levodopa may be added when the dopamine agonist is no longer able to control symptoms adequately on its own. Apomorphine causes severe nausea and vomiting and must be taken with anti-nausea medicine. Do not drink alcohol when you are using apomorphine. Dopamine agonists may cause impulse-control disorders in some people. Impulse-control disorders include uncontrollable or problem gambling, sexual behavior, and shopping. Binge eating is another example. Dopamine agonists are more likely than levodopa to cause impulse-control disorders. But your risk is even higher if you take both a dopamine agonist and levodopa. If you are concerned about taking these medicines because of this risk, talk with your doctor. Taking medicine Medicine is one of the many tools your doctor has to treat a health problem. Taking medicine as your doctor suggests will improve your health and may prevent future problems. If you don't take your medicines properly, you may be putting your health (and perhaps your life) at risk. There are many reasons why people have trouble taking their medicine. But in most cases, there is something you can do. For suggestions on how to work around common problems, see the topic Taking Medicines as Prescribed. Checkups Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It's also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. Complete the new medication information form (PDF) to help you understand this medication. Citations 1. Clarke CE, Moore AP (2007). Parkinson's disease, search date November 2006. BMJ Clinical Evidence. Available online: http://www.clinicalevidence.com. 2. Katzenschlager R, et al. (2008). Fourteen-year final report of the randomized PDRG-UK trial comparing three initial treatments in PD. Neurology, 71(7): 474–480. By Healthwise Staff Primary Medical Reviewer Anne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine Specialist Medical Reviewer G. Frederick Wooten, MD - Neurology Current as of March 12, 2014 WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise |
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